Toothache is a common dental problem that can be caused by several factors, including but not limited to the following:

• Tooth decay. This is one of the most common causes of severe and painful toothaches, and it occurs when bacteria in the mouth produce harmful acid that eats away at your tooth’s enamel and dentin. The resulting hole or cavity can cause pain, especially if it reaches the sensitive inner layers of the tooth.
• Gum disease. Gum disease, also referred to by medical professionals as periodontal disease, can cause toothaches by attacking the supporting structures of your teeth. As the gums recede, bacteria and plaque can gather around the roots of your teeth, causing pain and inflammation.
• Abscessed tooth. An abscessed tooth is considered a severe infection that occurs when bacteria enter the soft tissues inside a tooth. This condition can be very painful, causing throbbing pain, sensitivity to temperatures such as hot or cold, and swelling in the gums and face. Treatment with root canal therapy with or without a crown is often recommended in these situations.
• Cracked tooth. A cracked tooth might be caused by trauma, grinding, clenching your teeth, or even biting down on something hard. The crack may not always be visible, but it can cause serious pain when chewing or putting pressure on the affected tooth.